Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to the Dictionary of Old English: Corpus (DOEC), the form helce, an orthographic variant of the locative singular masculine of the interrogative and indefinite pronoun hwelc ‘which, whichever’, is attested only once, in psalm 77:42 in the Cambridge fragments of the N-Psalter (Cambridge, Pembroke College 312C, nos. 1 and 2; 2v).1 (1) Non sunt <…> die qua <…> tribula<…> hy na synd <…> dæge helce <…> þæs swencendu<…> (Cambridge, Pembroke College 312C, nos. 1 and 2; 2v)2 No other forms of are recorded in the Old English corpus, but the forms without <-w-> with the stem vowel <-i-> or <-y-> ( , ) appear in some late West Saxon texts dating to the eleventh and first half of the twelfth century, including psalters J and K.3 In the N-Psalter, occurs alongside (psalm 85:9; the Alkmaar fragments of the N-Psalter, 4v), the variant normal in early West Saxon and Anglian and found, among other texts, in psalters ABDEHL.4 The variant is, therefore, best categorized as a partially modernized form. As demonstrated by Porck and Afros, the N-Psalter habitually incorporates early, late, and partially modernized variants.5 Even the verb ‘to be’ includes both earlier (third person singular subjunctive sie not employed by Ælfrician late West Saxon) and later (third person singular present indicative byð not employed by the Old English Orosius, manuscripts TOCa of the Old English Bede, and psalters ABDGJ) forms.6 In most cases, it is impossible to determine whether the partially modernized form originated in the N-Psalter, but a comparison of psalm 77:42 with other extant psalter glosses shows that is derived from an antecedent copy shared with F and J.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.395 | 0.274 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".