Carabidae phenology and species diversity in a Nova Scotia apple orchard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apple production, an important part of the Nova Scotia economy, accounts for a large percentage of pesticides applied for agricultural purposes. The conventionally used production regime in Nova Scotia, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), uses chemicals such as organophospates, carbamates and pyrethyroids with minimal consideration for the effects they might have on natural predators. In an attempt to reduce pesticide use, a prototype system, Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) is being researched at Sheffield Mills, Nova Scotia. This system focuses on selective use of pesticides for control of apple pests and weeds while attempting to minimize disruption of natural predators. Ground beetles common in apple orchard ecosystems have shown potential as natural predators of apple pests. This study compared two production regimes, IPM and IFP, and found that spray regimes and the vegetation treatment affected ground beetle abundance and diversity, although not consistently over two years. The two-year ground fauna survey revealed 55 different species of ground beetles, of which Prerostichus melanarius (Illiger), Harpalus rufipes (DeGee) and Amara cupreolata (Putzeys) represented 79% of the sample. Other genera included Agonum, Anisodactylus, Bembidion, Bradycellus, Carabus, Chlaenius, Clivina, Locicera, Notiophilus, Poecilus and Stenolophus. Laboratory feeding bioassays, comprised of codling moth, winter moth, apple leafcurling midge larvae, rosy apple aphid nymph and apple maggot pupae, showed that carabids prey on apple pests. Pesticide bioassays revealed that insecticides Cygon™, Imidan™, SevinXLR™ were toxic to carabids while Pirimor™, Confirm™, Admire™ were moderately toxic. The herbicides Roundup™, Gramoxone™, 2,4-D™, the mitacide Pyramite™ and the fungicide Captan™ had minimal effects. This study showed the potential of carabids as natural predators in apple orchards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".