On-Chip Microfluidic Production of Sonosensitizer-Loaded Liposomes for Sonodynamic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide. Among the emerging therapies, ultrasound-mediated sonosensitizers have shown promise in the treatment of HCC. Sonosensitizers exposed to low-intensity ultrasound energy can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to cancer cell death. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a commonly used sonosensitizer that can be used for treating HCC. However, ICG has a short half-life and needs a carrier to improve its therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report the development of ICG-loaded liposomes with controlled size distribution using a simple one-step microfluidic device-based strategy. We evaluated the stability of ICG-loaded liposomes (lipo-ICG) by subjecting them to various storage conditions. The designed lipo-ICGs are stable and capable of inducing liver cancer cell death (HepG2 cells) upon ultrasound exposure. Last but not least, the designed lipo-ICGs are cytocompatible to both cancerous (HepG2 cells) and noncancerous cells (HHSteC) without ultrasound exposures. Taken together, our findings highlight the potential of this microfluidic platform for the efficient production of lipo-ICG nanoparticles and demonstrate the promise of ultrasound-mediated therapy as a targeted, minimally invasive strategy for treating HCC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".