El Turismo en Cuba: Desarrollo, Retos y Perspectivas = Tourism in Cuba: Development, Challenges, Perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main aim of this article is to adopt an economic-geographical approach to analyze the evolution of tourism in Cuba and its possibilities for further development. Among other aspects, the socio-economic and political history of Cuba, particularly during the second half of the 20th century, was linked to the development of tourism, and very much dependent on relations with the United States, its close neighbor to the north. After the Revolution, open hostility between Cuba and the US from 1959 onwards meant that the island turned its attention to the Canadian, European and Latin American tourist market to develop this sector. From 2015 following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries which had been broken decades before, an inmediate increment took place in the visits of Americans to Cuba (by air and sea), although many of the limitations established by the US government over the past 50 years remain in place. While this change has aroused hopes in many businesspeople, investors, and national and foreign tourism operators. The increment of the tourism sector only lasted until Donald Trump became the President of the United States in 2017. It was followed by a reinforced economic, financial and commercial policy of blockade against Cuba set in place in 1962 together with the increments in legal obstacles to grant the permits required to travel to Cuba. Moreover, it has caused changes to Cuban economic dynamics due to the current development of small and medium-sized private providers of accommodation, catering and transportation services, among others, and the effects of this are yet to be determined with regard to improving the quality of life of the Cuban population
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".