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Record W7110552619

Status Hukum dan Tanggung Jawab International Space Station DalamHukum Ruang Angkasa

2025· other· W7110552619 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueDigilib Repository Unila (Lampung University) · 2025
Typeother
Language
Field
Topic
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsInternational Space StationBorder Security
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRAK Eksplorasi ruang angkasa memiliki potensi komersial yang besar. Salah satu proyek kolaborasi terbesar di ruang angkasa adalah International Space Station atau ISS yang dibangun dengan melibatkan negara-negara maju seperti Amerika, Rusia, Kanada, Jepang, dan beberapa negara-negara Eropa yang tergabung dalam ESA. Sejak 1998, ISS telah menjadi platform bagi ribuan penelitian dan menghasilkan banyak publikasi ilmiah. ISS terletak di orbit rendah (LEO) di mana daya gravitasi bersifat lebih kuat yang mengharuskan satelit untuk memiliki kecepatan orbit yang tinggi agar tidak terjatuh ke bumi, hal ini tentu berisiko menyebabkan kerusakan atau kerugian terutama di bumi apabila suatu satelit terjatuh atau meledak sehingga menimbulkan debris yang berpotensi menimbulkan bahaya sesperti insiden satelit milik Uni Soviet, Cosmos 954 yang terjadi di Kanada yang puing-puingnya bersifat radioaktif serta menimbulkan kerugian senilai jutaan dollar kanada hanya untuk membersihkan puingnya. Resiko seperti ini lantas menimbulkan pertanyaan atas status hukum ISS dan bagaimana tanggung jawab hukum dari ISS apabila ISS yang memiliki ukuran jauh lebih besar dari satelit pada umumnya ini menimbulkan kerusakan serta kerugian di bumi. Karya tulis ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yuridis dengan memfokuskan pada penganalisaan IGA dan hukum ruang angkasa sebagai instrument utama yang diteliti. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian ini, diketahui bahwa meskipun negara merupakan entitas yang bertangung jawab atas segala bentuk kegiatan di ruang angkasa, status hukum ISS dalam hukum ruang angkasa tidak dapat disamakan sebagai negara karena ISS tidak memenuhi kriteria sebagai negara atau subjek hukum internasional lainnya. Dengan demikian, kesimpulan dari karya tulis ini adalah bahwa ISS merupakan bentuk dari suatu International co-operation atau kerja sama internasional yang status hukumnya ada pada atau dimiliki oleh negara-negara anggotanya, bukan oleh ISS itu sendiri dan negara peluncur sebagai pihak yang wajib bertanggung jawab apabila terjadi kerusakan atau kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh objek yang diluncurkannya. Dengan mekanisme tanggung jawab secara joint and severally yang diterapkan dalam hal peluncuran objek melibatkan lebih dari satu negara peluncur dan prinsip pembebasan tanggung jawab yang digunakan apabila kerugian ditimbulkan dari dan kepada sesama negara anggota ISS, karena ditetapkannya prinsip cross- waiver liability dalam perjanjian IGA yang mendirikan ISS. Kata Kunci: Hukum Ruang Angkasa, ISS, Status Hukum, Tanggung Jawab. ABSTRACT Space exploration holds significant commercial potential. One of the largest collaborative projects in space is the International Space Station (ISS), which was developed with the involvement of advanced nations such as the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan, and several European countries under the European Space Agency (ESA). Since 1998, the ISS has served as a platform for thousands of scientific studies and has resulted in numerous scientific publications. The ISS is located in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where gravitational forces are stronger, requiring satellites to maintain a high orbital velocity to avoid falling back to Earth. This condition carries inherent risks of damage or loss, particularly on Earth, in the event a satellite falls or explodes, producing debris that poses a significant threat, such as in the case of the Soviet Union’s Cosmos 954 satellite, which crashed in Canada and scattered radioactive debris, leading to damages valued at millions of Canadian dollars solely for the cleanup operation. Risks of this nature raise questions regarding the legal status of the ISS and the legal responsibility it entails should this massive structure that is far larger than the average satellite cause harm or damage on Earth. This paper adopts a normative juridical legal research method, focusing on the analysis of the Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) and space law as the primary instruments under examination. The findings reveal that although states are recognized as the entities responsible for all activities conducted in outer space, the legal status of the ISS under space law cannot be equated with that of a state, as the ISS does not fulfill the criteria to be classified as a state or any other recognized subject of international law. Thus, the conclusion of this paper is that the ISS represents a form of international cooperation whose legal status resides with its member states rather than the ISS itself. Under space law, the launching state bears responsibility for any damage or harm caused by the objects it launches. This liability may be applied jointly and severally in cases where the launch involves more than one launching state. Additionally, the principle of liability exemption applies to damages that occur between ISS partner states, as established through the inclusion of a cross-waiver of liability clause in the IGA that governs the establishment and operation of the ISS. Keywords: Space Law, International Space Station, Legal Status, Responsibility, Liability.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies, Scholarly communication, Research integrity
Consensus categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.975
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0030.003
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.001
Bibliometrics0.0040.003
Science and technology studies0.0020.001
Scholarly communication0.0010.002
Open science0.0030.002
Research integrity0.0020.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.206
Teacher spread0.200 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreOther

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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