Villanos de las praderas: los pastores vascos en Estados Unidos y el Movimiento Conservacionista, 1890-1910
Bibliographic record
Abstract
El capítulo analiza cómo, entre 1890 y 1910, los pastores vascos en el Oeste de Estados Unidos fueron construidos como “villanos de las praderas”. En un contexto de expansión ovina, crisis ambiental y choque con la ganadería vacuna, la trashumancia ovina—con fuerte presencia de inmigrantes vascos—fue acusada de sobrepastoreo y erosión. El emergente conservacionismo utilitarista, impulsado por figuras como Gifford Pinchot, legitimó la intervención federal en tierras públicas (Forest Reserve Act 1891, Forest Use Act 1897, Transfer Act 1905) y un régimen de permisos (A/B/C) que priorizó a propietarios establecidos y marginó a pastores itinerantes, muchos de ellos vascos. Prensa, literatura del Oeste y autoridades reforzaron el arquetipo negativo frente al cowboy heroico, usando a los vascos como chivo expiatorio para justificar regulación y tarifas de pastoreo. Pese a arrestos y conflictos (Sierra Nevada, Yosemite), la trashumancia continuó fuera de los Bosques Nacionales hasta la Taylor Grazing Act (1934). Con el tiempo, y por redes de contratación y restricciones migratorias, emergió un estereotipo opuesto: el “buen pastor” vasco, valorado como mano de obra disciplinada, que acabó sustituyendo—sin borrarlo—al imaginario del villano.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".