Effect of protein level and essential amino acid supplementation on indicators of gut health in weaned piglets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supplementing with extra essential amino acids (EAA) may reduce the occurrence of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) associated with high-protein diets. Sloth et al. (2022) found a reduction in PWD treatment days by more than 50% when supplementing 35% extra crystalline lysine-HCl above the ideal protein profile with corresponding increases in methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine by 32%, 62%, 22% and, 67%, respectively (Sloth et al., 2022). In the current study, 120 weaners (~28d old) housed four piglets per pen, were fed one of three diets: Lp (15% crude protein (CP)), Hp (25% CP), and HpEAA (Hp with EAA supplementation according to (Sloth et al., 2022)) for four weeks. Individual body weight and feed intake (FI) per pen were registered weekly. Faeces from each pen were scored daily for diarrhoea. On d7 and 28 post-weaning (PW), 10 piglets per dietary group were euthanized to sample digesta from stomach (STO), distal small intestine (SI3), cecum (CAE), proximal (CO1), mid (CO2), and distal (CO3) colon for bacterial quantification and microbial metabolite analyses. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess statistical differences. From week 2, Lp piglets (9-17%) had a lower probability of diarrhoea than Hp (65-91%) and HpEAA (43-62%) (P≤0.02), and from week 3, HpEAA (43-50%) had lower probability than Hp (65-71%) (P≤0.03). On d28 PW, Hp and HpEAA piglets had higher branched-chain fatty acid concentrations in CO2 and CO3 (P≤0.04) compared to Lp. Further, both Hp groups showed higher hydrogen sulphide concentration in the CAE (P≤0.01), while Hp piglets had a higher concentration than Lp in CO2 (P=0.01), with HpEAA being intermediate. Additionally, lactic acid concentration was higher in STO and SI3 (P≤0.009) in HpEAA piglets compared to the other groups. Quantification of E. coli in digesta showed that Hp and HpEAA groups had higher log copies /g sample (P≤0.04) compared to Lp in CAE and CO1 on d7 PW. Hp and HpEAA also tended (P≤0.09) to have more Lactobacilli in CAE on d28. Piglets fed Hp had the highest average daily gain (0.379kg/day) overall, followed by HpEAA (0.314kg/day) and Lp (0.281kg/day), with an LSD of 0.089 kg/day. HpEAA piglets had the lowest average daily FI at 326g/day, compared to 424g/day for Hp and 427g/day for Lp. The gain-to-feed ratio was higher in both Hp groups (P<0.01), compared to Lp. Although, this study was not designed to conclude on production results, the effect of protein- and amino acid levels on performance parameters and diarrhoea occurrence align with those of Sloth et al. (2022). While some metabolites may provide insights into the observed difference in diarrhoea, bacterial quantification and metabolite analyses did not fully explain the underlying mechanisms, warranting further data exploration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".