Damage evolution in multilayer braided composite tubes under torsion studied by in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the failure mechanisms of tubular braided carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites under torsion are investigated by time-lapse synchrotron X-ray CT imaging combined with an in situ torsion testing. Fibre tracing is used to identify and distinguish the fibre tows in different orientations. To our knowledge, this is the first time the sequence of damage has been tracked in 3D for torsional failure of multilayer braided CFRP tubes. Damage is first observed at 1% shear strain. Soon after this point the macroscale stiffness falls, and the peak stress is reached (~1.25%). The macroscale structural stiffness decreased with the progressive accumulation of the gap of inter-tow debonding causing kinking bands when the stress reached the peak value. With increasing torsional strain (a) damage initiates as radial intra-tow cracking (predominantly) and inter-tow debonding (to a lesser extent), then (b) propagates by inter-tow debonding and peripheral intra-tow cracking, (c) kink bands form due to the loss of lateral constraint afforded by the developing inter-tow debonding beyond 1.5% shear strain. Such 3D image sequences can be used to design better architectures and to set up image based finite element models of the damage sequence and other braid architectures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".