Огляд актуальних клінічних настанов з діагностики та лікування інфекцій сечовивідних шляхів у жінок
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recurrent urinary tract infections in women is a challenging issue for many specialists including gynecologists. The article provides an overview of current (2018–19) evidence based recommendations on causes, risk factors and algorithms for diagnosing urinary tract infections in women, as well as current views on asymptomatic bacteriuria. New clinical guidelines focus on the need to pay greater attention to the problem of antibiotic resistance, which continues to grow primarily due to the excessive and often unsystematic use of antibacterial drugs.The most common pathogen of acute and recurrent uncomplicated cystitis is Escherichia coli, less common Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis. The most common cause of urethritis in women of reproductive age is sexually transmitted infections: Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma spр.., Ureaplasma spp. In postmenopausal women non-communicable causes predominate.According to the American Urological Association, the Canadian Urological Association, the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine & Urogenital Reconstruction recommendations from 2019 all women with clinical manifestations of urethritis/cystitis should undergo gynecological examination and comprehensive laboratory examination.The main signs of urinary tract infection in general urine analysis are pyuria; presence of nitrites; minor or moderate proteinuria; changes in physical properties, presence of erythrocytes (nonspecific signs). Of great importance for the effective treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections is urine culture with definitions of the sensitivity of the pathogens to antibiotics. The effectiveness of urine culture tests depends on the accuracy of biomaterial collection and the conditions for its storage/transportation at the preanalytical stage. Because of the similarity of clinical manifestations of cystitis with urethritis, the cause of which in most cases is sexually transmitted infections, all women need undergo comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination, including gynecological examination and modern diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".