Population Status of Pacific Coast Canadian Sandhill Cranes along The Lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pacific coast Canadian sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis rowani) breed in coastal regions of British Columbia and southeast Alaska and are considered a unique population within the Pacific Flyway. These cranes stage during fall migration along the Lower Columbia River at Sauvie Island Wildlife Area (SIWA), Oregon, Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge (RNWR), Washington, and on adjacent lands. Peak numbers of cranes congregate here in late September through mid-October, with most of these cranes continuing south to winter in the Central Valley of California. During 2003–2024, we conducted single-day counts annually of cranes during peak fall migration as cranes flew into their evening roosts at SIWA, RNWR, and adjacent lands. We also conducted age-ratio counts at 1 of the primary roost sites on SIWA. Population counts indicated a significant upward trend (Y = 81.35X + 3425; r2 = 0.45; P < 0.001) from 2003 to 2024, with peak annual counts of over 5,000 individuals in 5 of the past 8 years. The mean annual age ratio (% young in the roost) was 9.4% (SE = 0.4, n = 22, 95% C.I. = 8.7–10.2). Together, the population counts and age ratio counts indicate a stable to increasing population for this group of cranes that migrate through the Lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington. The roost sites are on the public wildlife areas and are protected from threats of development; however, drought or other impacts to the hydrology of the area could threaten roosting habitat. Additionally, these cranes regularly forage on adjacent private agricultural fields; changes in crop plantings or land-use patterns from urban development would reduce the availability of this important foraging habitat for these cranes during fall stopover in this area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".