68 The French-Canadian validation and adaptation of the pain coping questionnaire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Musculoskeletal pain affects one in four children and is the fourth leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents. The Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ), specifically designed for children and adolescents, is a self-reported measure of pain coping strategies that has shown good psychometric properties. The questionnaire has been adapted in multiple languages. However, a French-Canadian version remains unavailable. Objectives This research sought to adapt and validate a French-Canadian version of the PCQ (PCQ-F) for adolescents with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. Design/Methods The PCQ was translated into French using a forward-backward translation method. Experts and patients reviewed the translated version for relevance and clarity. This version was then administered to adolescents (ages 10 to 20) experiencing significant MSK pain at a paediatric hospital in Montreal. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. Divergent validity was evaluated through Pearson correlation between the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Index and the PCQ-F. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. A priori hypotheses were examined regarding mean differences related to sex, age, pain level, emotional state, and perceived pain control. Results A total of 163 participants completed the questionnaire. The French-Canadian adaptation of the PCQ resulted in a 31-item version with six domains: “Seeking Social Support,” “Positive Self-Statement,” “Behavioral/Cognitive Distraction,” “Externalizing,” “Problem-solving,” and “Internalizing/Catastrophizing,” which explained 57.07% of the variance. Factor analysis confirmed its suitability, demonstrating excellent internal consistency (α = 0.87). Concurrent validity revealed a moderate correlation with the CPTS-RI score (rs = 0.50, p = 0.001), while construct validity analyses indicated a moderate but significant positive correlation between current pain severity (rs = 0.29), emotional pain reactiveness (rs = 0.41), and coping strategies. Participants experiencing more severe pain scored higher on the "Internalizing/Catastrophizing" subscale (p < 0.001). Weak but significant correlations were observed between pain levels and "Seeking Social Support" (p = 0.028) as well as "Problem-Solving" (p < 0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated that individuals with greater emotional pain reactiveness (β = 0.474) and coping effectiveness (β = 0.194) tend to engage in more coping strategies, thereby predicting a higher PCQ-F global score (adj. R² = 0.20). Conclusion In conclusion, the factorial analysis of the PCQ-F demonstrated a culturally and statistically satisfactory structure in the French-Canadian language. Given its uniqueness in identifying vulnerable pain coping mechanisms, its cultural adaptation offers a valid and reliable tool for the French paediatric population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".