Serum Metabolomic Signatures of Dyslipidemia in Narcolepsy Type 1: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jun Wu,1– 4 Yanyuan Dai,1– 4 Liyue Xu,5 Jiansheng Zhang,1– 4 Le Chen,1– 4 Dandan Zheng,1– 4 Baixin Chen,1– 4 Fang Han,5 Yun Li1– 4 1Department of Sleep Medicine, Mental Health Center of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Sleep Medicine Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 3Shantou University Medical College - Faculty of Medicine of University of Manitoba Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Shantou Guangdong People’s Republic of China; 4Shantou Key Laboratory of Multimodal Mechanisms and Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Disorders, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 5Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yun Li, Department of Sleep Medicine, Mental Health Center of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, North Taishan Road, Wanji District, Shantou, Guangdong Province, 515041, People’s Republic of China, Email s_liyun@stu.edu.cnStudy Objectives: We aimed to explore the candidate metabolic pathways involved in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1)-related dyslipidemia.Methods: Forty-four patients with NT1, and 44 controls were included in this multicenter metabolomics study. All participants included underwent an overnight polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test. Fasting blood samples were collected to assess lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG). Serum metabolomics was used to explore characteristic metabolites in the discovery and validation sets.Results: Patients with NT1 had higher values for TC (5.13 ± 0.14 vs 4.63 ± 0.14 mmol/L, P = 0.024), and LDL-C (3.01± 0.13 vs 2.59 ± 0.13 mmol/L, P = 0.038), but a lower HDL-C (1.32 ± 0.07 vs 1.53 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P = 0.039) compared to controls after adjusting for potential confounders. Enrichment analysis suggested that arginine biosynthesis and arginine and proline metabolism were different between patients with NT1 and controls. Four NT1-related metabolites were identified, glutamate (β = − 0.319, P = 0.049) correlated negatively with HDL-C, after adjusting for potential confounders.Conclusion: Increased serum glutamate level is associated with decreased level of HDL-C in patients with NT1. Arginine metabolism dysfunction may contribute to dyslipidemia in NT1.Keywords: narcolepsy type 1, dyslipidemia, serum metabolomics, arginine metabolism, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".