Examination of cognitive abilities and potential mild cognitive impairment in the elderly with MoCA test
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Demographic data show that the percentage of the elderly will increase, especially in more developed countries.Consequently the number of people with high risk for developing neurodegenerative diseases like dementia will also increase.That is why interest to explore and detect disease in the earliest stage of development is emerging.In the present study we focus on Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) which is a state of cognitive functioning between the normal aging and clinical criteria for dementia.The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive abilities in healthy volunteers between the ages 60 to 80.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) was used to evaluate the cognitive abilities in relation to age and education.We also tried to detect signs of possible cognitive decline.Cognitive abilities of the participants were quite well preserved nevertheless 27% of them reached the score that indicates the presence of MCI.The abilities of attention and delayed recall were more influenced by educational level while visuospatial/executive functions were more under the influence of age.MoCA has shown to be an effective screening test for detecting cognitive decline.We recommend regular physical and mental activity as protective factors for cognitive impairment.1 Peskar, M. Ugotavljanje kognitivnih sposobnosti in potencialne blage kognitivne motnje pri starejših osebah s testom MoCA.Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije, 2013 1 UVOD Trend staranja prebivalstvaSodobni demografski trendi kaţejo, da sta se, predvsem v razvitih deţelah, stopnji rodnosti in umrljivosti zniţali, obenem pa se je zvišala povprečna ţivljenjska doba (Ramovš, 2005, po Penger in Dimovski, 2007).Tudi v Sloveniji se je deleţ prebivalcev, starejših od 65 let povečal; do leta 2060 naj bi se ta zvišal za več kot 16%.Ocenjujejo, da se bo število starejših prebivalcev s 325.300 v letu 2008 povzpelo na kar 589.900 v letu 2060.V celotni populaciji naj bi v omenjenem časovnem obdobju porasel tudi deleţ prebivalcev, starejših od 80 let, in sicer s 3,5% na 14% (Statistični urad RS, 2010).Zaradi zgoraj omenjenih dejstev, se tako povečuje število posameznikov, ki se nahajajo v rizični skupini za razvoj, na starost vezanih nevrodegenerativnih bolezni, kot je npr.demenca.S starostjo se namreč njena prevalenca bliskovito povečuje, saj znaša pri populaciji, stari od 45 do 64 let pribliţno 0,1%, pri populaciji, stari 85 let pa ţe skoraj 30% (Iliffe idr., 2002(Iliffe idr., , po Ţalik, 2012)).Zato je nujno spodbujanje vseh aktivnosti, ki omogočajo izboljšanje kakovosti staranja, saj bo na ta način za velik del populacije to ţivljenjsko obdobje bolj prijazno, obenem pa tudi manj obremenjujoče za aktivni deleţ prebivalstva, ki bo zanje skrbel tako z vidika zagotavljanja materialne kot tudi psihosocialne podpore (Penger in Dimovski, 2007).Peskar, M. Ugotavljanje kognitivnih sposobnosti in potencialne blage kognitivne motnje pri starejših osebah s testom MoCA.Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije, 2013 dejavnosti; če so ti pogoji izpolnjeni, sposobnost splošne inteligentnosti očitneje upada šele po 80. letu.Lindenberger in Baltes (1994) ugotavljata, da kristalizirana inteligentnost, ki se običajno odraţa na preizkusih znanja, začne upadati šele po 80. letu, medtem ko se upad pri preizkusih fluidne inteligentnosti začne kazati ţe v srednji odraslosti.Kognitivne sposobnosti, ki upadajo s staranjem, vključujejo predvsem področja izvršilnih funkcij, pozornosti, delovnega spomina in hitrost procesiranja informacij; medtem ko na izkušnje vezane kognitivne sposobnosti (npr.semantični spomin, ki se odraţa v splošni razgledanosti, razumevanju in besednjaku) ostajajo s starostjo relativno stabilne (Park, 2000).Podobne zaključke navaja tudi Schaie s sodelavci (1998), ki ugotavlja, da v pozni odraslosti sposobnosti prostorske orientacije (angl.Spatial Navigation) upadejo najhitreje, najbolj neokrnjeno pa ostaja področje besednega razumevanja.Moffat (2009) tudi poudarja, da je prostorska orientacija kompleksna kognitivna sposobnost, ki je posledica komunikacije mnogih moţganskih struktur, na katere ima staranje negativen učinek.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".