NEW LIQUEFACTION GUIDELINES IN THE SEISMIC MITIGATION PLAN FOR SCHOOLS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The British Columbia Ministry of Education’s performance-based Seismic Retrofit Guidelines (SRG) provide requirements for the seismic upgrade of schools having a high risk of collapse due to effects of earthquakes, from either strong shaking or ground deformations due to liquefaction. These guidelines have evolved over 15 years and are updated regularly. The liquefaction portion of SRG 2020 provides geotechnical engineers with specific requirements regarding site investigation, analysis, and determination of liquefaction induced soil deformations essential for performing liquefaction assessments. Additionally, the guidelines provide structural engineers with procedures to evaluate the building and its foundations and suggest various structural/geotechnical mitigation approaches if remediation is necessary. The geotechnical approach varies according to whether the liquefiable site is located on an alluvial fan, a near-shore floodplain, or an inland floodplain. The site is first characterized using location, geometry, and properties of the non-liquefiable crust. Liquefaction triggering assessments are completed using CPT or SPT data from site investigation and the risk of liquefaction-induced flow slides is assessed. The appropriate method according to site type is used to estimate the differential post-earthquake vertical and horizontal movements. The bearing, sliding, and punching shear resistances of the foundations are also determined. A key advancement in SRG 2020 is the very different treatment of sites within 300m of shoreline versus inland sites, producing very different estimates of soil deformations. The structural approach includes determining the residual drift of the building after the strong shaking to which the additional horizontal and vertical soil deformations due to liquefaction are added. The horizontal and vertical soil deformations are converted to drift demands on the building’s Lateral Deformation Resisting System (LDRS) and the Vertical Load-bearing System (VLS) separately. The total calculated drift is compared with the Collapse Prevention Drift Limits for the LDRS and VLS. Furthermore, the capacity of all structural elements (above and below grade) and their connections are assessed for the liquefaction induced soil movements and the resulting forces. This paper will provide examples regarding assessment of different LDRS/VLS/foundation systems and illustrate some innovative structural upgrade schemes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".