LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF OIL SAND TAILINGS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mine tailings can be particularly prone to cyclic liquefaction because of their angular particle shapes, high saturation, and loose deposition. This has resulted in the liquefaction failure of several mine tailings dams in highly seismic regions around the world. Accordingly, cyclic liquefaction has been one of the primary mechanisms of tailings dam failures in the past earthquakes. Mine tailings dam are critical structures as they are designed for very long lifetimes during which the probability of a strong earthquake can be high. Their failure and collapse can produce significant environmental, social, and economical damages. This paper examines the liquefaction behaviour and cyclic resistance of coarse oil sand tailings from Alberta, Canada. An extensive series of cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests were carried out on tailings samples formed by tamping moist tailings in a cylindrical specimen mold. Loose, medium-dense, and dense specimens were prepared and consolidated to a wide range of vertical stresses ranging from 50 to 800 kPa. Cyclic sinusoidal shearing was then applied on the specimens under a constant volume condition. Cyclic loading was continued until the equivalent shear-induced pore pressure became nearly the same as the vertical consolidation stress indicating tailings liquefaction. The number of cycles to liquefaction (NL) decreased with increasing the magnitude of cyclic loading at a given specimen density and effective stress. These were subsequently used to establish the cyclic strength curves of oil sand tailings as the variation of NL with the magnitude of shear stress normalized by the consolidation vertical stress. The results showed that oil tailings sand is susceptible to liquefaction. The cyclic resistance and excess pore pressure of oil sand tailings specimens normalized by the consolidation vertical stress respectively decreased and increased with increasing effective vertical stress up to 800 kPa. The reduction of cyclic liquefaction resistance was more significant in dense specimens. The cyclic resistance ratio of tailings also increased nearly linearly with increasing relative density of specimens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".