Simulated Snowpack and Meteorological Variables for the Upper Colorado River Basin and Vicinity Using CONUS404 Historical and Future Mid-Century Meteorology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This data release contains historical and future climate SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006; Liston and others, 2020; Liston, 2020) simulation outputs on a 100-meter (m) geospatial grid for a 392-kilometer (km) x 469-km model domain in the Upper Colorado River Basin. The historical simulation (control, CTL) was run from 1979-09-01 to 2022-08-31 using the CONUS404 meteorology dataset (Rasmussen and others, 2023) and the future climate simulation was run from 1979-09-01 to 2021-08-31 using the CONUS404 pseudo global warming meteorology dataset (PGW, Xue and others, 2024). CONUS404 PGW was produced from CONUS404 using monthly perturbations in air temperature and precipitation to represent mid-century future conditions (Xue and other, 2024). The simulation encompasses key watersheds within the region and uses SnowModel to estimate the snow water resources and meteorology across the simulation domain. Simulated outputs provided in this data release include (1) air temperature (tair), (2) precipitation (prec), (3) solid precipitation (spre), (4) snow water equivalent (swed), (5) melted snow either held in the snowpack or drained (smlt), (6) liquid water supplied to the soil-snow or soil-air interface either from snowmelt or rainfall (roff), (7) precipitation amount falling as rain (rpre), (8) snow depth (snod), and (9) surface snow sublimation (ssub). The simulations used to produce these outputs were conducted on a 100-m geospatial grid. Land cover information (file vege.asc) for the simulation was provided by the 2010 North American Land Change Monitoring System (Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and others, 2020) and elevation information (file topo.asc) was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2025). Data files for this data release are large/numerous and cannot be easily displayed for browsing in the ScienceBase interface. Therefore, the data files are provided via a Globus Access Portal (linked under Related External Resources). Globus* is a fast, secure, and reliable way to move large data files and will automatically resume transfers when there are network disruptions. Learn more at https://www.globus.org/data-transfer * Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".