PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO FREIGHT MOBILITY IN CANADA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This twofold work first presents a state-of-the-art review of the roots and context for freight mobility barriers, and secondly investigates the key barriers to freight mobility in Canada from the perspective of stakeholders. The review provides a holistic approach to understanding the interconnected nature of mobility, spatial structure, congestion, supply chains, and the economy on generating, demanding, and hindering freight movements. The investigation develops a novel theory grounded in the experiences of stakeholders following the Strauss/Corbin extended Grounded Theory approach of symbolic interactionism. From interviews with 28 industry and government stakeholders, a total of 50 themes emerged as barriers. These barriers were grouped into four categories which frame the issue of freight mobility as being impacted by high infrastructure utilization, cost impacts of diminishing distribution reliability, rapidly growing regions and ineffective or absent policy support, and lacking a robust data collection, analysis, and sharing framework. The categories were considered in the frame of addressing goods movement barriers and were argued to be influenced by factors of cost, political risk, implement-ability, and maintainability. A framework was developed by integrating the emergent categories and factors, identifying four high-level interventions: data and knowledge mobilization; public-private collaborative freight evaluations; government funding and political support; and, capacity alterations: improvements and expansions. Overall, the key concepts of the emergent theory are to collect and analyze data to inform public-private stakeholder evaluations of policy interventions, with government funding to support both knowledge generation efforts, policy actions and capacity investments. There is a significant need to expand data collection and information sharing to enable firms and government to address physical and policy barriers which impede the effective goods movements, including infrastructure and land use planning. The theory is generally consistent with barriers identified internationally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".