Lower Gyrification of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An ENIGMA-PTSD Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cortical gyrification involves the formation of folds in the cerebral cortex, coinciding with key neurodevelopmental processes. Its strong correlation with increased cortical surface area and decreased cortical thickness may improve cortical signaling efficiency by decreasing cortico-cortical distance. Differences in brain structure have been found in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet few small studies have examined cortical gyrification. Methods: = 1087) across 24 sites from the ENIGMA-PGC (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) PTSD working group. Using a region of interest-based approach, we fitted a linear mixed-effects model with age (mean = 35.6, SD = 9.23, range = 8-95), sex (female = 967 [52%], male = 909 [48%]), pial surface area, PTSD, and random site effects to test associations between PTSD diagnosis/severity and regional lGI. We examined moderating effects of depression, childhood trauma, age, and sex. Results: PTSD diagnosis and severity were both associated with lower lGI for the right medial orbitofrontal and right rostral anterior cingulate cortices. The interaction of PTSD and age was associated with lower lGI for the rostral middle frontal cortex bilaterally. Contrasting comorbid PTSD and major depressive disorder with the PTSD-only group showed that comorbidity was associated with lower lGI in the left inferior and medial temporal cortices. Conclusions: Lower lGI, which is associated with impaired signaling efficiency, was observed in the PTSD group compared with the control group for the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a region that has been strongly implicated in associative fear learning and extinction. It is possible that PTSD accelerates the typical age-associated decline in lGI of the rostral middle frontal cortices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".