Laboratory-BasedAmbient-Pressure X‑ray PhotoelectronSpectroscopy for Pressure up to 1 bar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) is a rapidly developing technique with broad applications in surface science, catalysis, energy materials, and environmental science. In this study, we present a laboratory-based AP-XPS system that integrates the de Laval nozzle technology to generate a supersonic gas jet. The gas jet creates an ultrathin high-pressure (up to 1 bar) region directly above the sample surface, enabling XPS measurements at 1 bar with a laboratory-based AP-XPS system. The surface pressure was validated by using both a custom-built offline pressure measurement system and computational fluid dynamics simulations. Owing to its limited thickness (∼20 μm), this high-pressure region effectively minimizes gas–electron scattering under elevated pressures. Moreover, the gas delivery design establishes a localized low-pressure zone near the front cone, significantly reducing the load on the differential pumping stage. The method achieves XPS measurements at 1 bar, enhancing a laboratory-based AP-XPS platform for true ambient pressure characterization under certain industrially relevant catalytic conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.248 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".