Ultrahigh Photovoltage Generation with Lateral Gradient >5700 V cm <sup>−1</sup> Enabled by an Asymmetric Nanograting Structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The strategic design of periodic microstructures composing diverse components with contrasting physical properties unlocks emerging material functionalities. Here, a laterally polar nanograting surface, fabricated through scalable nanoimprint lithography and self‐aligned multi‐patterning, featuring asymmetrically connected photovoltaic‐active units with submicron periodicity, is presented. This asymmetric nanograting structure is enabled by upright, fin‐like nano‐walls that serve both as structural templates and conductive interconnects, allowing for the selective deposition of donor–acceptor heterojunctions to optimize photovoltaic efficiency while minimizing inactive areas. After deliberate optimization, such as transitioning from a spin‐coated donor–acceptor bulk heterojunction to a vacuum‐deposited bilayer one, the design achieves unprecedented photovoltage output, with peak values exceeding 5700 V cm −1 in the best‐performing architecture. This remarkably high‐voltage output opens avenues for applications in micro‐optoelectromechanical systems, facilitating in‐chip powering of functional dielectrics and ultra‐light electrostatic engines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".