Reinke crystals are immunoreactive for purine-synthesizing metabolic enzymes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reinke crystals are a defining histological feature of human adult Leydig cells, the testosterone producing cells of the testis. These structures are present in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and display quantitative alterations in a variety of physiological and pathological contexts. The functional significance and protein composition of Reinke crystals have remained elusive for over a century. Here, we demonstrate that Reinke crystals are intensely immunoreactive for inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS), two key rate-limiting enzymes in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. IMPDH and PRPS are two of several metabolic enzymes that are capable of forming mesoscale filamentous aggregates as a mechanism to regulate enzyme activity. IMPDH is also able to form crystals in cellulo . Our observations link Reinke crystal formation to purine nucleotide metabolism in Leydig cells. We discuss how this novel finding may relate to the unique dependence of Leydig cells on guanyl-based purine nucleotides for testosterone synthesis. The results of this study may have important implications for understanding metabolic contributions to male reproductive disorders as well as offering a novel diagnostic and theranostic tool applicable to Leydig cell neoplasms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".