The North American fathead minnow <scp> <i>Pimephales promelas</i> </scp> in Europe: potential invader or a benign non‐native fish?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fish introductions can result in their establishment in the wild, with invasion risk assessments identifying those non-native species with a high probability of developing invasive populations. The North American fathead minnow Pimephales promelas was imported to Europe for decades for both ornamental and scientific (toxicology research) purposes. In North America, the fathead minnow has been introduced widely into areas outside of its natural range, where it has expressed considerable plasticity in life-history traits when establishing new populations. In Europe, established populations are present in the wild but remain limited in number, with the paucity of life-history data on these European populations leading to their risk assessments being based on minimal data resulting in low confidence. The aim here was to overcome these data deficiencies by analysing the life-history traits and morphologies of four European P. promelas non-native populations (two in England and one each in the Netherlands and Belgium), with risk screenings completed based on these data. All populations consisted of small-bodied individuals (<80 mm), with individuals present up to age 4 years. Maturity was from age 1 year, with female absolute fecundity recorded to 843 eggs/female, although as a male nest guarding and batch spawning species, it remains unclear as to how many eggs are laid per reproductive season. Application of the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit indicated scores around the high-risk category, suggesting that if allowed to spread and establish further fathead minnows could become highly invasive in Europe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".