Social determinants of dementia risk in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at high risk for dementia. This prodrome is characterised by mild memory problems but no functional impairment. Social determinants of health (SDH) are the non-medical factors which influence health outcomes and can influence dementia risk in cognitively normal individuals. However, whether SDH can influence progression to dementia over time in individuals with MCI is unclear. This systematic review aimed to review the evidence of the association between SDH, particularly at the level of an individuals' socioeconomic position, and the likelihood of developing dementia in individuals with MCI. METHOD: The PubMed and Web of Science biomedical electronic databases were searched to identify longitudinal cohort studies. Eligible studies included MCI at baseline (or the closely related concept of cognitive impairment without dementia), an outcome of dementia, and a follow-up period of at least one year. Only studies reporting SDH, particularly at the level of an individual's socioeconomic position based on the WHO Conceptual Framework, were included in this review. This includes the following keywords: socioeconomic position, social class, gender/sex, ethnicity/race, racism, education, occupation and income. Eligible articles were screened independently, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias of each study. RESULT: A total of 2,082 articles were identified and screened. Approximately 20 studies met the eligibility criteria with education being the most common SDH reported. A small but protective effect of education on the risk of conversion from MCI to dementia was found although the results appear inconsistent. Additionally, preliminary evidence suggests that gender/sex does not influence likelihood of conversion. CONCLUSION: SDH may influence the progression from MCI to dementia over time, in particular educational attainment. Based on these results, interventions promoting early-life obtainment of education may be warranted. However, more evidence is required to clarify the causality of this relationship. More studies are warranted to improve knowledge on the role of SDH in dementia risk in MCI patients who are already at risk of dementia.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.026 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".