Inflammation and verbal episodic memory correlate with bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy in early midlife
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 17β-estradiol loss is related to pathologies of AD including heightened systemic inflammation and reduced performance on verbal episodic memory tasks (Tani et al., 2013; Gervais et al., 2020). Women with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO; removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes) experience an early and abrupt loss of 17β-estradiol, leading to increased risk of late-life AD compared to women with intact ovaries (Rocca et al., 2007; Calvo et al., 2024). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether systemic inflammation develops after BSO and if it associates with cognitive changes. METHOD: =43.5±3.3, n=26). Using the OLINK platform, 92 proteins were measured, and dimensionality reduction was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Verbal episodic memory was measured using verbatim retention in the logical memory task; group differences were determined using a linear regression. Inflammatory factors identified by PCA were compared amongst groups and correlated with verbatim retention scores. RESULT: The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 30.5% and 11% of the variance in protein marker expression, respectively. There were no group differences in PC1 score. However, group comparisons revealed that PC2 score was lower for BSO+ET compared to AMC; PC2 included neutrophil-activating chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL6) and monocytes (MCP-4) (Figure 1A). Women with BSO had significantly lower verbatim retention compared to AMC, while ET partially alleviated this effect of BSO (Figure 1B). PC2 score associated weakly with retention scores (Figure 1C). CONCLUSION: Women with early BSO both taking and not taking ET showed no significant elevations in inflammatory protein markers, suggesting an absence of chronic systemic inflammation in early midlife. ET correlated with reduced chemokine expression and reduced neutrophil and monocyte recruitment systemically, suggesting anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Other known markers associated with cognitive decline, including c-reactive protein (CRP), were not included in the panel, however this study widens the scope of inflammatory markers studied. The correlation between reduced PC2 and verbal retention suggests a possible role of inflammation in cognition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".