Acculturation, Education, and Cognition in Older Asian Americans and Canadians: results from the Asian Cohort for Alzheimer's Disease study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acculturation-adapting to a new culture-plays a significant role in shaping health outcomes among immigrants, including older Asian Americans and Canadians (ASACs). Education, a well-established protective factor for cognition, may interact with acculturation to influence cognitive health. This study examines the relationship between acculturation and cognition among ASACs and explores how acculturation interacts with education. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 622 dementia-free ASAC participants from the Asian Cohort for Alzheimer's Disease (ACAD). An acculturation score (ranging 1-7, with higher score indicating more acculturation) was constructed based on the sum of nativity level (place of birth and years in the U.S. or Canada, ranging 1-4) and English proficiency (ranging 1-3), self-reported in English, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese. Participants were categorized into three acculturation groups: separation (score 1-3, preference for Asian culture), integration (4-5, balanced preference), and assimilation (6-7, well adoption of new culture). Cognition was assessed using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) and Common Objects Memory Test (COMT). Multivariable linear regressions were used to examine the associations between acculturation and cognition, adjusted for age, gender, education, and study site. The interaction between acculturation and education on cognition was also evaluated. RESULT: Participants were 71.7 years (SD=7.1) old, 68.3% were women, and most were first-generation immigrants (97%) raised in Asia (94%). About 34%, 41% and 25% were in the separation, integration, and assimilation groups, respectively. Each one-unit increase in acculturation was associated with a 0.39-point higher CASI score (SE=0.20, p = 0.042), but no association was observed with COMT. A significant negative interaction (p <0.001 for CASI, p <0.01 for COMT) was found between education and acculturation: the positive association of education with cognition was weaker in the assimilation and integration groups compared to the separation group. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of acculturation may compensate for the impact of low education on cognition in older ASACs. The findings suggest considering both education and acculturation in understanding cognitive health among aging immigrant populations. Future research incorporating socioeconomics and other contextual factors is needed to better understand the relationship among acculturation, education, and cognitive health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".