Anxiety and Depression Among Internally Displaced Persons in North Central Nigeria: Prevalence, Correlates, and Policy Implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria face disproportionate mental health problems, yet rigorously designed epidemiological evidence in urban camps remains limited. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 264 IDPs across 2 Abuja camps (Durumi and Wassa) employing culturally adapted Hausa and English versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 to assess anxiety and depression prevalence, severity, and correlates. RESULTS: Moderate-to-severe symptoms affected 18.9% of participants for depression and 17.4% for anxiety. Multivariable analysis identified older age (≥35 years; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: depression = 4.36; anxiety = 6.64), female sex (depression AOR = 2.36; anxiety AOR = 2.86), and absence of prior psychological counseling (depression AOR = 4.28; anxiety AOR = 2.96) as significant correlates. Generalized additive models revealed increasing symptom severity with age, with adjusted mean depression and anxiety scores rising from approximately 3.6 and 3.4 among younger participants to 7.1 in those aged ≥35 years. Sensitivity analyses using a negative-control outcome (communication language) and E-values assessed the robustness of the findings to potential unmeasured confounding and selection bias. CONCLUSION: By integrating rigorous bias assessment with locally grounded data, this study demonstrated the significant rates of anxiety and depression among internally displaced persons in Nigeria utilizing a culturally tailored mental health evaluation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".