Dysfunctional Beliefs and Their Psychological Pathways to Negative Symptoms and Functioning in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The cognitive model conceptualizes negative symptoms within a theoretical framework highlighting dysfunctional beliefs as maintenance factors. Although several beliefs have been proposed as potential mechanistic targets for psychosocial interventions, no study has comprehensively examined their relationships with negative symptoms and functional outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the pathways from each of the 6 primary dysfunctional beliefs posited by the cognitive model to negative symptoms and functioning. STUDY DESIGN: The sample consisted of 132 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The direct and indirect pathways from dysfunctional beliefs to negative symptoms and functioning, respectively, were examined using 2 approaches. A principal components analysis of the 6 beliefs produced a single factor used for path modeling. Separate models were then estimated for each belief to evaluate their unique contributions. Model specificity was assessed by comparing effects for overall negative symptoms versus the diminished motivation subdomain. STUDY RESULTS: Both approaches revealed a consistent pattern, with dysfunctional beliefs showing significant direct effects on negative symptoms and indirect effects on functioning via negative symptoms. Significant individual paths were observed for defeatist performance beliefs, asocial beliefs, low expectancies for success, low expectancies for pleasure, and perceptions of limited resources, but not for internalized stigma. Models focused on diminished motivation demonstrated superior fit. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the cognitive model as a viable framework for informing cognitive-behavioral interventions for negative symptoms. By identifying consistent relationships with motivation and functioning, the results highlight the potential clinical utility of targeting specific dysfunctional beliefs to alleviate negative symptoms and enhance treatment outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".