Spinal cord quadruple misfolded proteins in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tau pathology in the brain associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is well established, but details regarding protein pathology in the spinal cord remain unclear. Furthermore, CTE is frequently comorbid with other neurodegenerative diseases. METHOD: Spinal cords from 28 cases, including CTE (n = 14), Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 6), one further case with repetitive head impacts but not CTE lesions in the brain and controls (n = 7; 4 with spinal stenosis), were examined using immunohistochemistry for p-tau, TDP-43, α-synuclein, and A-beta. RESULT: Misfolded protein deposition in the spinal cord was common in CTE: p-tau (14/14, 100%), p-TDP-43 (9/14, 64%), Aβ (13/14, 93%), and α-Syn (7/14, 50%). Quadruple misfolded protein deposition was observed in four CTE cases. Neuronal tau pathology was present in all CTE cases. Notably, prominent astrocytic tau pathology was observed in 12/14 cases (86%). However, no such pathology was observed in AD or control cases. p-TDP-43 pathology was frequently detected in the spinal cords of CTE cases. Four cases exhibited spinal cord-specific p-TDP-43 inclusions without LATE/FTLD-TDP. Aβ deposition was observed in most CTE spinal cords, with two spinal cord-positive cases lacking cerebrum deposition, highlighting a brain-spinal cord discrepancy. All seven CTE cases with α-Syn pathology in the spinal cord had Lewy body pathology in the brain. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate repetitive traumatic events may lead to tau pathology not only in the brain but also in the spinal cord. The prominent astrocytic tau pathology observed in CTE appears to be a unique feature, as it was not present in AD and control cases. The frequent co-presence of tau with TDP-43, Aβ, and α-Syn pathologies suggests that repetitive traumatic events contribute to concomitant misfolded protein accumulation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".