Approximate 3D full-waveform inversion for rapid assessments of multiazimuth VSP data: Synthetic feasibility study for a carbon sequestration project
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Within carbon sequestration projects, seismic full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a promising tool to monitor reservoir changes at the injection site. Rock heterogeneity can produce complex 3D plume structures that demand 3D FWI technology, which generally requires considerable computational efforts and run times and therefore has limited applicability for low-cost, rapid assessment of monitoring data. To mitigate the limitations of expensive 3D FWI, a pseudo-3D FWI procedure was proposed that achieves a reasonable trade-off between the quality of timelapse analysis and computational efficiency when applied to a synthetic imaging scenario modeled after the Carbon Management Canada Newell County Field Research Station (FRS) near Brooks, Alberta. Inversion of simulated multioffset, multiazimuth vertical seismic profiling data using the proposed method outperformed independent 2D FWI of separate source lines in terms of model consistency along the intersection, due to the underlying coupling of the model spaces. This justified an interpolation into a 3D volume that showed good agreement with 3D FWI results and true models, as containment within the reservoir layer and directionality of the plume were inferred accurately. The good performance of the pseudo-3D FWI approach can be traced back to minimal out-of-plane wave effects in this synthetic data set, which originated from the horizontally layered subsurface encountered at the FRS and modeled in this study. Furthermore, the results indicated improved robustness toward noise and source sparsity when compared to benchmark 3D FWI solutions, which showed elevated background variations with increasing source sparsity. However, because the pseudo-3D FWI procedure provides major computational benefits in comparison to full 3D FWI while providing satisfactory plume imaging in situations where out-of-plane wave effects in the data are minimal, there is value in the method within the frame of near real-time monitoring of carbon dioxide plumes at the FRS and potentially other carbon sequestration projects hosted in benign geologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".