Parasitic and Elemental Contaminants in Top Soil from Selected Elementary School Playgrounds (ESPs): Children Exposure Risk (CER)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil can harbor various biological and chemical contaminants, and the soil in elementary school playgrounds raises concerns due to children's geophagic behavior and tendencies toward pica. This investigation aims to examine the presence of parasitic organisms and elemental contaminants in soil samples from selected elementary school playgrounds. Ten composted topsoil samples were collected from playgrounds and analyzed for parasites and elemental content using standard methods. The results identified nine parasitic contaminants, including: Entamoeba coli (25.7%), Chilomastix mesnili (2.86%), Ascaris lumbricoides (48.6%), Taenia spp. (8.57%), Trichinella spiralis (2.86%), Toxocara spp. (2.86%), Balantidium coli (2.86%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.86%), Trichuris trichiura (2.86%). The study also found the following elements present in the soil: arsenic (As = 0.32 – 0.84 mg/kg), cadmium (Cd = 7.78 – 20.5 mg/kg), chromium (Cr = 32.5 – 44.7 mg/kg), nickel (Ni = 18.6 – 76.6 mg/kg), and lead (Pb = 26.6 – 190 mg/kg). Notably, lead concentrations (190 mg/kg) in 10% of the samples exceeded the Canadian Soil Guideline Value (CSGV) of 140 mg/kg. Contamination factors indicate that the soil is particularly contaminated with cadmium. In conclusion, the soil from the investigated elementary playgrounds is contaminated with parasites and cadmium, with lead levels in sample SP10 posing a significant risk to children with prolonged exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".