Choroid Plexus Volume in Pathologically Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The choroid plexus (CP), located in the brain's lateral ventricles, plays a vital role in brain homeostasis by clearing cellular/molecular waste. Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression is associated with accumulation of toxic byproducts (hyperphosphorylated Tau & amyloid‐beta) due to impaired cellular/molecular clearance 1 . While CP abnormalities are presumably involved, this has yet to be established. It is thus of substantial clinical interest to identify CP alterations that are indicative of AD pathology burden. We aim to examine CP morphology (volume), as a marker of function, in pathologically‐confirmed AD and hypothesize that CP‐Volume increases with greater AD‐pathology to compensate for the impaired/reduced clearance. Methods Structural T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) from 312 patients with pathological workup were analyzed from the National Alzheimer's Consortium Centre dataset (Table 1). Patients were grouped based on pathological staging of accumulated tau (Thal staging) and amyloid (Braak staging): Normal (Thal 0‐2, Braak 0‐2), Pre‐AD (Thal 1‐5, Braak 0‐2), Mild‐AD (Thal 1‐5, Braak 3‐4), and Severe‐AD (Thal 1‐5, Braak 5‐6). sMRI underwent automatic segmentation followed by estimation of bilateral CP‐Volumes which were normalized to estimated total intracranial volume. Bayesian multilevel regression was performed by modelling normalized CP‐Volume as a function of pathological status, controlling for age, sex and time between sMRI acquisition and death. Group differences in CP‐Volume were reported in terms of magnitude of effect (i.e.median), probability of direction and 95% highest density interval (HDI), contrasting between normal and pathology‐confirmed groups. Results There was a high probability (>0.9) of greater CP‐Volume (Table 2) in the path‐confirmed AD groups compared to normal (Figure 1). The magnitude of effect increased with pathological burden, with mild (1.78×10 −4 cm 3 , [7.11×10 −5 , 2.84×10 −4 ]) and severe‐AD (1.75×10 −4 cm 3 , [9.77×10 −5 , 2.55×10 −4 ]) having the largest effect. Conclusions Given existing evidence that impaired clearance is related to AD‐pathology, and CP's involvement in clearance, our findings suggest we can detect morphological changes (via CP‐Volume changes) related to these processes. This warrants further investigation longitudinally and supports the feasibility of sMRI in assessing CP as a correlate of pathological burden.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".