Impacts of hypereutrophication and aquatic invasive species on cladoceran dynamics in the Bay of Quinte Area of Concern, Lake Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aquatic food webs in the Laurentian Great Lakes are impacted by the legacy effects of twentieth-century land-use change and nutrient enrichment which co-occur with climate warming and invasive species. Zooplankton populations are currently degraded in the Bay of Quinte Area of Concern, Lake Ontario, which experienced cultural hypereutrophication by the 1950 s and the invasion of dreissenid mussels c. 1994. A drop in pelagic productivity was noted in 2013, raising concerns for fisheries. We examined Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) remains in four dated sediment cores from the Bay of Quinte to assess food-web response to historic stressors. We characterized long-term trends in cladoceran abundance, composition, and Bosmina spp. mucro length (as a proxy for zooplanktivory). The largest assemblage change occurred with early 1900 s eutrophication: concentrations of B. longirostris and Chydorus sphaericus increased sharply while Daphnia longispina complex concentrations and littoral diversity declined. Minor declines in concentrations of eutrophication-associated taxa co-occurred with nutrient abatement actions, while dreissenid establishment was associated with increased zooplanktivory in the shallow Upper Bay but decreased zooplanktivory in the deeper Middle Bay. Modern-day assemblages are distinct from pre-eutrophication assemblages, especially as invasive Eubosmina coregoni is abundant, and inferred fish planktivory is elevated relative to historic conditions. Observed declines in pelagic productivity c. 2013 coincided with increases in littoral taxa and a continued depression of large pelagic grazer Daphnia , indicating a potential shift to littoral production, and suggesting that dreissenids and climate warming may contribute to altered food-web dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".