A Self-Injection <i>LC</i> Oscillator for Flicker Noise Reduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-injection has been used in lasers and photonic integrated circuits to reduce the laser’s phase noise (PN). We show that self-injection can be leveraged in GHz <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> oscillators as well. Our oscillator employs a current-domain self-injection technique by leveraging second-harmonic extraction, capacitive phase shifting, and self-mixing through the oscillator’s bias path. The approach enables 90° phase-shifted injection completely on-chip, avoiding any bulky passive delay elements, and with only minor changes to the conventional class-B <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> oscillators. Thus, the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/f^{3}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> corner can be reduced by at least an order of magnitude without any significant degradation in the tuning range or power consumption. Our proof-of-concept 4.6–6 GHz VCO in a 65 nm CMOS process achieves a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/f^{3}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> PN corner of 5–35 kHz, and a peak figure-of-merit (FoM) of 193 dBc/Hz, as well as a FoM normalized by the tuning range of 201 dBc/Hz. At 4.64 GHz, the oscillator consumes 1.45 mA from a 1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$</tex-math> </inline-formula> supply and achieves−78.6 and −141.3dBc/Hz PN at 10kHz and 10MHz offsets, respectively. Across the measured tuning range of 26%, the oscillator maintains an excellent FoM performance in both the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/f^{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/f^{3}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".