Stronger associations between a Brief Evaluation of Activities of Daily Living and Cognition (BEAN) and cognitive activity than physical activity in unimpaired older adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive and physical activity can reduce dementia risk among older adults. We have developed and validated a Brief Evaluation of Activities of Daily Living and Cognition (BEAN) test that is performance-based, where a spoon is used to acquire and transport objects. It is unclear, however, whether its relationship to cognition and daily functioning is mediated through cognitive or physical (i.e., cardiovascular/musculoskeletal) mechanisms. Based on prior work, we hypothesized the BEAN test would be related to the level of engagement in cognitive but not physical activities. METHOD: Data were collected in the Banner Sun Health Research Institute's Center for Healthy Aging's Longevity Study of community-dwelling adults age 50+ with no cognitive impairment (based on self-report and Clinical Dementia Rating=0) and are independent in personal/home affairs (based on self-report). A total of 290 participants (mean±SD age = 79.3±8.5 years; mean±SD education = 15.9±1.3 years; 71.7% female) completed the BEAN test during at least one annual visit. Participants also completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (97%), the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) (95%), and the Cognitively Stimulating Activities Questionnaire (CSA-Q) (81%), depending on when they were enrolled. Only cross-sectional data were analyzed in this study. BEAN scores reflect intraindividual variability across four consecutive trials of the task (where higher variability is worse). RESULT: Generalized linear mixed models with a gamma distribution confirmed that the BEAN test and MoCa were related (b=-.68; p = .0025), controlling for age, sex, and education. The BEAN test was also related to the CSA-Q (b=-.24; p = .02). Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that the BEAN test had a negative total effect (b=-0.07; p = .0002) on MoCA that was mediated through the CSA-Q (b=-.12; p = .0033). However, the BEAN test and RAPA were not related (p = .50), and RAPA scores did not mediate the relationship between BEAN scores and MoCA scores (p = .10). CONCLUSION: Results support the use of the BEAN test as a measure of cognition and daily functioning rather than as a physical/motor assessment. Furthermore, the BEAN test appears to be sensitive to the mechanisms by which cognitive engagement, rather than physical activity, positively impact cognition in community-dwelling older adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".