A Global Review of Invasive Haemophilus Influenzae Diseases from 2000-2023: A Systematic Review of Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Haemophilus influenzae is a causal agent of invasive bacterial diseases that affect both children and adults. H.influenzae is a pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacillus and it is a common commensal of the upper respiratory tract. It is a human-only pathogen that can cause severe invasive diseases. These bacterial infections can range from mild, such as ear infections, to severe, such as bloodstream infections. The infections typically affect children younger than 5 years old and old age person older than 65 years. They also affect people who are immunocompromised, such as those with certain medical conditions. The highest incidence rates of invasive H.influenzae disease have recently been discovered in various nations, including North America, Canada, and parts of Europe. To monitor the evolving nature of invasive H.influenzae disease critically reviewed data is required to capture the true status of invasiveness of the H. influenzae disease. Developing new vaccines against H.influenzae is a potential solution to protect some vulnerable populations against the invasive disease due to this bacterial species. Materials & Methods: Since there were not sufficient articles before 2000, we restricted the publication period and examined invasive H. influenzae illness from March 1, 2000 to March 1, 2023. This systematic review was conducted using English databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, to fully extract all pertinent articles published worldwide Findings: A total of 545 articles were recognized in electronic databases, among them eleven articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed in this research. Nearly every country in the European WHO Region included the Hib vaccine in their suggested NIPs. Between 2007 and 2014, 12 European nations reported 10, 624 cases of invasive H. influenzae infection. Conclusion: this review suggests that an extensive surveillance system that collects information on serotype, genotype, immunological characterization, and vaccination status is required to follow the trends described in this Review and eradicate H. influenzae illnesses and their global impacts. This review article thoroughly investigates recent and up-to-date biomedical science perspective development, innovation, findings, publications and current areas of scientific interest and gap including pathogenicity, diagnosis, multidrug-resistance, Molecular characterization and genetic evolution, epidemiology and immunological characteristics of H. influenzae, including specific current issues that are affecting the research and development of vaccines to treat H.influenzae non-serotype b diseases and providing insight into how these problems may be overcome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.025 | 0.028 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".