Serum β-amyloid 1–42 Levels as Alternative Non-invasive Screening Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia in Indonesian Elderly Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) impose a substantial public health burden in Indonesia; however, accessible blood-based biomarkers for early screening remain limited. Although cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid 1–42 is an established biomarker, its invasive nature restricts its use for population-level screening. Therefore, it is necessary to have locally-produced serum β-amyloid 1–42 ELISA kit that is specifically designed for Indonesian elderly population. In this study, a locally-produced β-amyloid 1–42 ELISA kit was validated and used for the screening of AD, VaD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) Indonesian population.METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 166 subjects: 31 AD, 34 VaD, 34 MCI patients, and 67 cognitively normal controls was conducted. All participants underwent cognitive assessments including Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina), as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3-Tesla for the assessment of medial temporal atrophy/white matter changes. Fasting venous blood sampling was taken from each subjects for the measurement of serum β-amyloid 1-42 measurement using locally-produced ELISA kit.RESULTS: Median serum β-amyloid 1–42 levels were 11.03, 10.99, and 10.99 pg/mL for the AD, VaD, and MCI subjects, respectively. The β-amyloid 1–42 levels were correlated with MMSE scores in all group (AD: r=−0.455, p=0.010; VaD: r=−0.419, p=0.014; MCI: r=−0.412, p=0.015). The validity analysis of the locally-produced serum β-amyloid 1–42 ELISA kit, showed sensitivity of 94.12% (95% CI: 87.3–97.9), specificity of 80.36% (95% CI: 72.4–86.8), and diagnostic accuracy of 83.56% (95% CI: 77.2–88.5).CONCLUSION: Serum β-amyloid 1–42 levels are lower in AD and VaD subjects compared to MCI and control subjects. Serum β-amyloid 1-42 is inversely correlated with cognitive function across all groups based on MMSE score. Additionally, the locally-produced β-amyloid 1-42 ELISA kit demonstrated sensitivity of 94.12% and specificity of 80.36%, meeting Global CEO Initiative Consensus for pre-screening tools, supporting its potential as a scalable, non-invasive screening biomarker in Indonesian primary care settings.KEYWORDS: G-banding karyotyping, next generation sequencing, non-invasive prenatal testing
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".