Social Network Connectivity and Depression Among Single Parents in Ghana: The Mediating Role of Anxiety
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Scarce data exist on the association between social network connectivity (family and friends) and depression among single parents in low—and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the mechanisms explaining the association are largely unknown. This study investigates the extent to which anxiety mediates the association between social network connectivity and depression among single parents in Ghana. Methods: Data from 627 single parents were collected using a multi-stage stratified sampling technique. Social network connectivity was measured using the Lubben Social Network Scale-6 Item Version (LSNS-6), and depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Multivariable OLS models and bootstrapping mediation analyses were performed. Results: The mean age (SD) was 45.0 (14.7) years, and 67.3% were females. After full adjustment, social network connectivity (B = −.060, SE = .021, 95% CI = −.100 to −.019, p < .005) was independently associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety (B = −.166, SE = .022, 95% CI = −.209 to −.122, p < .001), while anxiety (B = .597, SE = .035, 95% CI = .528 to .667, p < .001) is associated with higher levels of depression. Moreover, the social network connectivity-depression link was mediated by anxiety (indirect effect B = −.1000, 95% bootCI = −.1302 to −.0684), yielding 71.1% of the total effect. The sex-based mediation analysis indicated that anxiety explained a larger degree in males than in females. Conclusions: Anxiety mediates the association between social network connectivity and depression among single parents in Ghana. Building resilient social network connectivity may provide a safety net in dealing with psychological problems among single parents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".