Low Migratory Connectivity and Use of Multiple Non‐Breeding Sites in American Golden‐Plovers Breeding Across the Nearctic Tundra
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim Many populations of migratory birds are currently declining. Understanding space use throughout the entire annual cycle, as well as migratory connectivity (i.e., geographic linkage of individuals and populations across different stages of the annual cycle), can improve our ability to identify factors driving population declines and influencing extinction risk. The main objectives of our study were to (i) document the space use and phenology of migration during the non‐breeding period and (ii) quantify the degree of migratory connectivity across the range of the American Golden‐Plover ( Pluvialis dominica ) breeding across the North American Arctic. Location American Golden‐Plovers that breed across their entire breeding range (northern North America) and migrate up to their main wintering site located in South America. Methods We used archival light‐level geolocators to track the migration. We quantified migratory connectivity based on the non‐breeding range spread of all individuals and the breeding population spread. We used Mantel tests to evaluate whether the relative spatial configuration of the sampled breeding area was preserved on the non‐breeding ground. Results We identified 13 and 7 stopover sites used during the fall (post‐breeding, southbound) and spring (pre‐breeding, northbound) migrations, respectively, and one main site used during the wintering period. We highlight stopover sites that were previously unknown and show the transatlantic and transpacific routes used by plovers during migration. We found that individuals breeding in proximity tended to be closer to each other during brief and highly limited portions of the non‐breeding period. Broadly, individuals from different breeding populations were well mixed during the wintering period and throughout most of the spring and fall migrations. Main Conclusions Overall, the migratory connectivity of American Golden‐Plovers is relatively low for most of the non‐breeding period, suggesting that breeding populations separated by large distances should be similarly affected by disturbances and changes encountered at some migratory stopovers and in the wintering area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".