Bibliographic record
Abstract
The popularity of wood as a construction material has grown in recent decades due to considerations for sustainability as well as the increased availability of engineered wood products. To further enhance wood’s mechanical characteristics, attempts have been made to reinforce structural elements particularly on the tension side, where the failure is brittle. This study aims to investigate the impact of various retrofitting options on enhancing the overall behaviour of engineered wood products subjected to out of plane loading. An experimental program was developed to investigate the behaviour of 21 timber elements, comprising glulam and CLT members, with a focus on the flexural behaviour of elements with and without the effect of multi-directional FRP reinforcement. The results found that applying a tension laminate only was not effective due to premature detachment. Extending the reinforcement to the sides of the timber element in a U-shaped configuration provided a significant increase in strength. In general, the fabric consisting of bidirectional 0/90 fibers increased the peak strength, while fabric with bidirectional 45/45 enhanced the ductility of the retrofitted element. An analytical model based on a cross-sectional numerical analysis was developed and validated. It was shown that the model could predict the behaviour of retrofitted beams with reasonable accuracy. • 21 beams with outer vertical layers and consisting of two different lay-ups are tested. • The behaviour of multi-directional and partial reinforcement of CFRP fabrics is established. • Proposed analytical models are evaluated and successfully verified against data. • First study to investigate the effect of retrofitting CLT slab elements using CFRP fabric.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".