3D IMAGE OF POLARIS FIELD STARS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a three-dimensional model of the positions of 20 stars in the field of the Cepheid UMi (Polaris) – 18 main sequence stars (spectral types A0–G0 V), the K-giant HD 6319 (K2 III) and Polaris itself (F8 Ib) – which was created using the 3D calculator Desmos 3D, based on the calculated U, V and W components of the full velocity vector of the stars in the Galactic coordinate system. In this paper, stellar radial velocity estimates from Usenko et al. (2023) were used. Two versions of the U, V, and W components were calculated based on Gaia DR3 parallaxes and photometric parallaxes. The resulting 3D image showed that, in both scenarios, 15 main-sequence stars, a K-giant, and Polaris form a noticeable clamp, while three stars (HD 14718, HD 90162, and HD 11696) are located outside of it. HD 14718 and HD 90162 belong to the thick disk, while HD 11696 is a remnant of a possible open cluster in Polaris’s field. The K-giant HD 6319 is located inside the clamp and quite close to the Cepheid, and it is quite possible that this clamp is part of the main component of the probable open cluster Polaris, dissolved in the field of the Cepheid. Using a 3D calculator to construct a spatial image of stars may serve as a good tool for studying the structure and dynamics of open clusters in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".