Kinetics and efficiency of decolorizing electro-activated lactose solutions by adsorption on activated carbons, anion exchange resins and electro-oxidation process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electro-activation has been proven as a promising technology for lactulose synthesis from lactose. However, this process also exhibits color development like that of the conventional chemical isomerization process. This study explores the decolorization of electro-activated lactose solutions using adsorption and electro-oxidation techniques. Six adsorbents, three activated carbons (AC) and three anion exchange resins, were evaluated. Adsorbents denoted AC-2 and Resin-M demonstrated superior performance, achieving 89.85% and 85.63% decolorization, expressed as absorbance decreases at 296 nm, and 82% and 75.3% decreases at 420 nm. Optimal results were obtained with 7.5% adsorbent. Adsorption behavior followed Langmuir isotherms, and kinetic modeling revealed second-order and first-order reactions for AC-2 and Resin-M, respectively. BET analysis confirmed that AC-2 has a higher surface area and adsorption capacity. Electro-oxidation using Ti/Ti electrodes provided an efficient alternative with lower energy consumption (<6.0 kW.h). HPLC analysis showed that the decolorization process preserved the sugar profile, supporting its applicability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".