Acute Intermittent Hypoxia Exerts Beneficial Effects and Promotes Repair in Male Mice in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects women more frequently than men, but the disease progresses more aggressively in men. We have demonstrated that acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH), a noninvasive therapy, promotes repair and remyelination and alters disease course in the female MOG 35‐55 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Given the importance of understanding sex‐specific responses to potential MS therapies, we investigated whether AIH exerts similar therapeutic effects in male EAE mice. EAE was induced by MOG 35‐55 immunization in C57BL/6 male mice. Male EAE mice received either AIH (10 cycles‐5 min 11% oxygen alternating with 5 min 21% oxygen) or Normoxia (21% oxygen for same duration) once daily for 7d beginning at near peak EAE disease clinical score of 2.5. Mice were followed post‐last treatment for an additional 7d or 14d before assessing histopathology. Clinical scores, inflammation, myelination, and neurorepair were evaluated. Compared to Normoxia, AIH significantly improved clinical scores in male EAE mice with mice exhibiting reduced inflammation and increased myelination/remyelination within inflamed regions. Further, AIH polarized remaining immune cells toward a pro‐repair phenotype, promoted OPC recruitment to demyelinated regions, and increased the presence of mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and myelination. An axon protective phenotype was also significantly improved with AIH, supporting enhanced neuroprotection. Our findings reveal that AIH has comparable, albeit slightly less robust beneficial therapeutic effects in male as was previously shown in female EAE mice. Altogether, this study highlights the potential of AIH as a therapy for MS, capable of addressing the disease's differential impacts in both sexes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".