Therapeutic efficacy of 3 dimensions printed orthoses on wrist-hand flexor spasticity in post-stroke hemiplegia: a multi-center stratified clinical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study mainly aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of 3D-printed orthoses versus low-temperature thermoplastic plate orthoses(LTT)on wrist-hand flexor spasticity post-stroke. METHODS: Patients were stratified into three cohorts based on the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) grades (1,1+, and 2), with 60 patients per cohort. Patients in each cohort were randomized into treatment and control groups: MAS1 (3D, n = 23; control, n = 24); MAS1+ (3D, n = 24; control, n = 25); MAS2 (3D, n = 25; control, n = 26). Orthoses were worn 4–8 h daily for 6 consecutive weeks, followed by a 6-week post-intervention follow-up. The primary outcome was MAS scores. Visual analogue scale(VAS), passive range of motion(PROM), Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA), and swelling scale (SS) scores were secondary outcomes, assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and after 12 weeks. RESULTS: At 6 weeks, significant difference in the MAS scores were observed between groups: effective rates (ERs) were MAS1:71.4% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.006; MAS1+: 63% vs. 37%, p = 0.03. After 12 weeks, significant difference in MAS score changes persisted: ERs were MAS1: 66.7% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.029; MAS1+: 64.7% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.001. Significant difference was observed in the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST) among the MAS1, MAS1+, and MAS2 cohorts (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: 3D-printed orthoses demonstrated superior efficacy to LTT orthoses in reducing mild-to-moderate (MAS 1, 1+) wrist-hand flexor spasticity post-stroke. For severe spasticity (MAS 2), further optimization of material properties and scanning technology may be necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-INR-2,300,070,454 (Registered: 4 December 2023).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".