Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Lillooet language, or St’at’imcets, is an endangered interior Salish language of the Northern family, that is spoken by the St’at’imc people in southern BC. The language is mutually intelligible to other Northern family Salish languages, with differences arising in certain lexical items (van Eijk, 1997). The focus of this paper is on the single consonant interior reduplication process in the St’at’imcets diminutive. The comprehensive grammar by Jan van Eijk (1997) describes the patterns that arise from interior reduplication without giving an analysis on what drives this particular affixation. Examples of this affix mainly demonstrate reduplication of a single consonant, or a “Creduplication pattern”, such as in [ʔáma] “good” + DIM = [ʔáʔma] “cute, pretty” and [qíqəlʼ] “weak” + DIM = [qə́qqəlʼ] “rather weak”. Some forms include a vowel in the reduplicant, such as in [sqláw’] “beaver” + DIM = [sqlə́ ləw’] “little beaver”. St’ati’mcets C-reduplication copies the consonant preceding the most prominent peak, or the primary stressed vowel in the prosodic word. Using an Optimality Theory (OT) approach, a general ranking was discovered using syllabification constraints alongside shape and position constraints. The position of the infixation is generated through maintaining base-edge faithfulness (Kurisu & Sanders, 1999) and motivating the reduplicant to go as far left as possible without reduplicating left of the stressed vowel. The shape of the reduplicant is driven by the satisfaction of the morphological requirements, and the St’at’imcets syllable template. Vowel epenthesis of [ə] appears to co-occur with consonant reduplication to prevent violations of the syllable template when complex codas greater than three segments would else be formed (*CCC), or if the resulting complex coda is in violation of the sonority sequencing principle (SSP). Exceptions to the maximum limit of two segments in an onset/coda are due to the high ranking of Max-IO, causing input faithfulness. Other phonological phenomena appear to be triggered by the St’at’imcets C-reduplication, such as the alternation in base vowel quality and resonant glottalization. Base vowel quality changes so far have been unpredictable; however, the epenthesized vowel is always predictable ([ə]). The glottalization of resonants has a somewhat predictable pattern. Insight to these phenomena is currently outside of the research question but may be considered for future research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".