Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: The importance of birth tourism within the scope of medical tourism has increased day by day. Therefore, the importance of studies that will raise awareness about birth tourism has also increased. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to systematically review the studies conducted on birth tourism. Method: The literature was reviewed via PubMed, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Scopus databases within the scope of the study. The scope of this study was limited to the studies on birth tourism published in English as a full text. According to literature review, 601 studies were accessed from the specified databases and nine studies were reached by manual search, and a total of 610 studies were obtained as a result of the search. 19 studies were included within the framework of the specified inclusion criteria. Results: The research methods of the studies conducted between 2016-2023 were qualitative, quantitative and mixed, and it was determined that the mothers who went to give birth were Ghanaian, Chinese, and Taiwanese. The destinations visited for giving birth were the United States, Hong Kong, and Canada. Considering the reasons of mothers traveled abroad within the scope of birth tourism, it has been determined that they provide a better future for their children, acquire citizenship, benefit from better health services, and immigration, because of the policies of the country they live in, personal choices, and lack of trust in the country they live in. Conclusion: As a result of the current study, in which the recent studies in the literature were examined by using systematic literature review method, it was identified that the studies on birth tourism were not quantitatively sufficient and it was revealed that there was a need to increase the number of studies on birth tourism. In addition, it is necessary to raise awareness in the field by addressing important issues such as the definition of birth tourism, its advantages and disadvantages, and mothers’ experiences, regarding studies that will be conducted both in the review and research in the field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.050 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.017 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".