Apelin-13 attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation following intracerebral hemorrhage via targeting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is a critical contributor to secondary brain injury and subsequent neurological decline after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Apelin-13, the most bioactive isoform of the endogenous G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand, exhibits protective roles in multiple neurological disorders. Nevertheless, its therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms in neuroinflammation following ICH remain elusive. METHODS: In vivo, ICH was induced in mice with collagenase type VII, followed by intracerebroventricular injection of Apelin-13. In vitro, BV2 microglia were pretreated with Apelin-13 overnight, followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. To investigate the mechanistic role of Apelin-13, we employed specific shRNA for APJ knockdown and the selective JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 for pathway blockage. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were applied to assess JAK2/STAT3 signaling activation and pro-inflammatory mediator expression. RESULTS: Apelin-13 significantly decreased hematoma volume and mitigated neurological impairments in ICH mice. Correspondingly, both in vivo and in vitro studies confirmed its efficacy in attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, Apelin-13 significantly suppressed JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. This suppression was reversed by APJ knockdown, verifying the necessity of the Apelin-13/APJ interaction. Furthermore, combining WP1066 with Apelin-13 significantly enhanced its anti-inflammatory effects, as evidenced by a more pronounced reduction in p-JAK2/p-STAT3 levels and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Finally, the inhibition of the microglial JAK2/STAT3 pathway by Apelin-13 was also confirmed in the perihematomal brain tissues of ICH mice. CONCLUSIONS: Apelin-13 attenuated brain injury after ICH by suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through APJ receptor-dependent inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".