Investigation of Inelastic Higher-Mode Effects in an RC Structural Wall under Long-Duration Ground Motion Using Hybrid Testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reinforced concrete shear walls (RCSWs) constitute the primary seismic force-resisting system for mid-rise and high-rise buildings in western North America. Numerical analysis has indicated that large-magnitude, long-duration earthquakes, such as those generated by the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ), can induce multiple amplified shear cycles due to inelastic higher-mode effects, raising concerns about brittle failure in RCSWs. This study presents a large-scale substructuring pseudodynamic hybrid test on a 10-story ductile RCSW to experimentally evaluate inelastic shear amplification and seismic performance during an intense, long-duration subduction earthquake. The first story of the wall was tested as an experimental substructure using a scaled, heavily instrumented specimen, whereas the remaining stories were modeled nonlinearly as unscaled components via numerical methods. The results revealed an inelastic shear amplification factor of 2.43, significantly exceeding the maximum values recommended by the current seismic design codes. Ductile shear failure accompanied by flexural yielding was observed. The conservative approach to calculating the design shear resistance ensured that no diagonal concrete crushing occurred. The findings also highlight the considerable impact of higher-mode effects, including amplified shear forces, the increased contributions of shear deformation, and the out-of-phase interactions between flexural and shear responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".