Knowledge and Use of Contraception and STI Prevention Methods Among Women of Reproductive Age in Punjab, Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: This study evaluates contraceptive knowledge and usage patterns among married women in Punjab, specifically analyzing barrier method utilization and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) prevention to guide public health policy. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months (October 2022–March 2023) across diverse health facilities in Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 396 women was recruited via convenience sampling from urban and rural primary and secondary care centers in both public and private sectors. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Results: The majority of participants were aged 31–45 years (49.5%) and had completed high school (75.5%). Although over 50% possessed awareness of contraceptives—primarily condoms and oral pills—actual uptake of modern methods remained low. Condoms were the most frequently used modern method, yet a prevailing preference for traditional methods was observed. Overall satisfaction was moderate (30.3%). Key barriers to adoption included the desire for pregnancy, spousal opposition, and fear of side effects. Conclusion: The study reveals suboptimal adoption of modern contraceptives despite adequate awareness, with a continued reliance on traditional methods. Moderate satisfaction suggests critical gaps in service delivery. Strategies addressing accessibility, affordability, and spousal dynamics are required to enhance reproductive health outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".