Resistance training load does not determine resistance training‐induced hypertrophy across upper and lower limbs in healthy young males
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Resistance exercise training (RET) leads to marked interindividual heterogeneity in the hypertrophic response. Whether such heterogeneity is due to endogenous (i.e. inherent biological factors) or exogenous variables (i.e. external load) has not been firmly established. Twenty healthy young male participants completed thrice-weekly resistance exercise sessions for 10 weeks. Each participant had their legs and arms randomly assigned to perform unilateral bicep curls or knee extensions with either a higher (heavier) load (HL: 8-12 repetitions; ∼70%-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)) or, in the contralateral limb, lower load (LL: 20-25 repetitions at ∼30%-40% 1RM) for three sets to volitional fatigue during each session. Fat- and bone-free mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle size (ultrasonography and muscle biopsies) and strength were measured pretraining and at 10 weeks. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis, and we used ingested deuterated water to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) at weeks 1 and 10 during training. Despite considerable interindividual variability in hypertrophic responses, we observed that muscle hypertrophy following RET was relatively well conserved within versus between subjects and was unaffected by load. Rates of MyoPS in weeks 1 and 10 of training were increased relative to rest (Week 1: Δ0.27 ± 0.11, P < 0.0001; Week 10: Δ0.10 ± 0.14%/d, P = 0.009); however, MyoPS was attenuated in week 10 versus week 1 (Δ0.16 ± 0.18%/d, P < 0.001). MyoPS rates were less heterogenous within versus between individuals. Variation in RET-induced muscle hypertrophy occurred independent of external load and was relatively well conserved (i.e., retention of the hypertrophic response) across different anatomical limbs within an individual. KEY POINTS: Considerable interindividual variability exists in resistance exercise training (RET)-induced muscle hypertrophy. However we observed that RET-induced muscle hypertrophy is relatively conserved within an individual (i.e. between the upper- and lower body) and is independent of external load when RET is performed to volitional fatigue. Changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates are comparable with both higher and lower loads but are blunted following a period of RET despite progressive overload. There is negligible shared variance between RET-induced increases in muscle size and strength. Additionally, there are limited relationships between measures used to assess RET-induced muscle hypertrophy. We conclude that when effort is matched (i.e. working to volitional muscular fatigue), RET-induced hypertrophy is mediated to a far greater degree by inherent endogenous biological factors, which account for a large proportion of the heterogeneity between individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".