Prevalence and prognostic significance of sodium levels in adults with traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sodium disturbances occur commonly after traumatic brain injury and causes many complications. This study is aimed at determining prevalence and prognosis of sodium levels in adult with traumatic brain injury. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search was conducted at PubMed and Google Scholar from 2009 to 2025 for studies reporting sodium disturbances in adults with traumatic brain injury. Risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: A total of 8 studies with 94,874 patients were involved. Data was analyzed using R software (version 4.5.1). The studies suggest that hypernatremia was associated with increased risk of mortality (OR 2.9 [95% CI 1.939-4.332] p-value <0.0001, I^2 = 85.05%) and worsened outcomes. Limited data on hyponatremia is not sufficient to make pooled analysis but few studies suggests that it is associated with increased severity and worsened outcomes. Conclusion: Hypernatremia is associated with increased risk of mortality and poorer outcomes. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating sodium monitoring into standardized management protocols.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.013 | 0.054 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".